Scopolamine (hyoscine) is found in variousmembers of the Solanaceae (e.g., H. niger, Duboisia myoporoides,Scopolia spp., and Datura metel). Scopolamineusually is isolated from the mother liquor remaining from theisolation of hyoscyamine. Hyoscine is the older name for this alkaloid, althoughscopolamine is the accepted name in the United States.Scopolamine is the levo component of the racemic mixturethat is known as atroscine. The alkaloid is racemized readilyin the presence of dilute alkali. The alkaloid occurs in the form of a levorotatory, viscousliquid that is only slightly soluble in water but very solublein alcohol, chloroform, or ether. It forms crystalline saltswith most acids, with the hydrobromide being the most stableand the most popularly accepted. An aqueous solution ofthe hydrobromide containing 10% mannitol is said to be lessprone to decomposition than unprotected solutions. Pharmacology Scopolamine butylbromide, a modified scopolamine, is a peripheral anti-choline drug; it not only can smooth muscle spasm but also block the ganglion and neuromuscular junction and has the weak effect on center. This drug has stronger effects on intestinal smooth muscle spasm than atropine and anisodamine; it can selectively relieve gastrointestinal tract, biliary tract, and urinary tract smooth muscle spasm and inhibit its peristalsis. Scopolamine butylbromide has less effects on the heart, pupil, and salivary gland, so it rarely induces central nervous excitement, dilation, inhibition of saliva secretion, and other adverse reactions, which is unlike atropine. Scopolamine butylbromide is an antagonist of the M cholinergic receptor, its pharmacological effects are similar to atropine, but it has its own characteristics that have an obvious advantage in improving blood microcirculation.
1. Scopolamine is used for practically the same indications as atropine, but it should be noted that it has a sedative effect on motor activity, and it is recommended for the treatment of Parkinsonian symptoms. 2. cholinergic (ophthalmic).
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